Chii chaizvo chinonzi Kuzivikanwa Kwekutaura?

Kuzivikanwa kwekutaura

Zvaunofanira kuziva pamusoro pekuzivikanwa kwekutaura

Kana tichitaura nezvekuzivikanwa kwekutaura, kazhinji tinoreva software ine simba rekuziva izwi rinotaurwa uye kuinyora pasi muchirongwa saka pakupedzisira iwe une zvese zvakataurwa nenzira yakanyorwa. Inowanzonziwo "kutaura-ku-chinyorwa". Pakutanga iyo software yaive nemikana mishoma, zvekuti iwe unogona kushandura chete nhamba shoma yemitsara. Nekufamba kwenguva, tekinoroji yekusimbisa matauriro software yakagadzira zvakanyanya uye ikozvino yanyanya kuomarara, zvekuti inogona kuziva mitauro yakasiyana uye kunyange matauriro akasiyana. Asi chokwadi, pachine basa rinoda kuitwa mundima iyi.

Zvakakoshawo kuona kuti kucherechedzwa kwekutaura hakuna kufanana nekuzivikanwa kwezwi, kunyangwe dzimwe nguva vanhu vachishandisa mazwi maviri echinhu chimwe chete. Kuzivikanwa kwezwi kunoshandiswa kuratidza munhu ari kutaura uye kwete kucherechedza zviri kutaurwa.

Nhoroondo pfupi yekuzivikanwa kwekutaura uye tekinoroji yakabatana

Muchinyorwa chino, tichatsanangura muchidimbu nhoroondo uye tekinoroji kumashure kwekusimuka kwekuzivikanwa kwekutaura.

Kubva pakatanga zera redhijitari, vanhu vaive nechishuwo chekuti neimwe nzira vakwanise kutaura nemichina. Mushure mekunge rudzi rwekutanga rwekombuta yedhijitari yagadzirwa, vazhinji vesainzi nevainjiniya vakaedza nenzira dzakasiyana kuita nzira yekuzivikanwa kwekutaura mukuita uku. Gore rakakosha rekuita uku raive 1962, apo IBM yakaburitsa Shoebox, muchina wekuziva kutaura waikwanisa kuita masvomhu akareruka. Kana mushandisi weiyi proto-kombuta akataura nemaikorofoni, muchina uyu wakakwanisa kuziva mazwi anosvika matanhatu ekudzora senge "plus" kana "minus". Nekufamba kwenguva, tekinoroji iri kuseri kweiyi yakagadziridzwa uye nhasi yakajairika chimiro chekudyidzana nemakomputa nezwi. Kune akawanda ane mukurumbira matauriro einjini seSiri kana Alexa. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive izvi zvishandiso zvinofambiswa nezwi zvinoenderana nehungwaru hwekugadzira (AI) uye kudzidza muchina.

Kana hungwaru hwekugadzira (AI) huchitaurwa, zvingaite sechinhu chinobva mufirimu resainzi, asi chokwadi ndechekuti muzuva ranhasi nezera AI inoita basa guru munyika yedu. Muchokwadi, AI yatovepo zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwedu hwemazuva ese, sezvo akawanda mapurogiramu nemaapps atoishandisa. Asi yakanga iri ngano yesayenzi pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, apo shoko racho rakatanga. Mukupera kwa1950 pfungwa dzeAI dzakave dzakanyanya kusimba uye yaive yakatarisana yekufarira kwevazhinji vesainzi nevazivi. Panguva iyoyo, nyanzvi yemasvomhu yekuBritain yaida chinzvimbo ichinzi Alan Turing yakauya nezano rekuti michina inogona kugadzirisa matambudziko uye kuita sarudzo yega, zvichibva paruzivo rwuripo. Dambudziko raive rekuti makomputa akange asati ave nemukana wekuyeuka iyo data, inova nhanho yakakosha yekuvandudza hungwaru hwekugadzira. Chavaigona kuita kare ikako kwaiva kuita mirairo iri nyore.

Rimwe zita rakakosha mukuvandudzwa kweAI ndiJohn McCarthy, uyo akatanga kugadzira izwi rekuti "artificial intelligence". McCarthy akataura kuti AI ndeye: "sainzi uye engineering yekugadzira michina yakangwara". Tsanangudzo iyi yakazobuda pachena pamusangano wepaDartmouth College muna 1956. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, AI yakatanga kukura nekumhanya-mhanya.

Nhasi, huchenjeri hwekugadzira mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana huripo kwose kwose. Yakakura kusvika pakutorwa kwevazhinji, zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe data iri kuchinjaniswa pasi rese zuva rega rega. Inoshandiswa mune zvepamberi algorithms, uye yakapa kuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedza uye simba rekombuta. AI inoshandiswa kune zvakawanda zvinangwa, semuenzaniso kududzira, kunyora, kutaura, chiso uye kuzivikanwa kwechinhu, kuongororwa kwemifananidzo yekurapa, kugadzirisa mitauro yechisikigo, akasiyana siyana social network mafirita uye zvichingodaro. Rangarira iwo mutambo we chess pakati pasekuru Gari Kasparov uye Deep Blue chess AI?

Kudzidza kwemichina ndiko kumwe kushandiswa kwakakosha kwehungwaru hwekugadzira. Muchidimbu, inoreva chero masisitimu ane kugona kudzidza nekuvandudza kubva kudhatabhesi yeruzivo rwavo. Izvi zvinoshanda kuburikidza nekuzivikanwa kwemaitiro. Kuti hurongwa huite izvozvo hunoda kukwanisa kudzidziswa. Iyo algorithm yehurongwa inogamuchira kupinza kwehuwandu hwe data, uye pane imwe nguva inova yakakwanisa kuona mapatani kubva kune iyo data. Chinangwa chekupedzisira chechirongwa ichi ndechekugonesa aya macomputer masisitimu kuti adzidze akazvimirira, pasina kudikanwa kwekupindira kwevanhu kana rubatsiro.

Chimwe chinhu chakakosha kutaura padivi pekudzidza kwemichina kudzidza kwakadzama. Chimwe chezvishandiso zvakakosha mukuita kwekudzidza kwakadzama ndiyo inonzi artificial neural network. Iwo maalgorithms epamberi, akafanana nechimiro uye kushanda kwehuropi hwemunhu. Nekudaro, iwo akamira uye anofananidzira, kusiyana nehuropi hwehuropi huri epurasitiki uye yakawanda analogue yakavakirwa. Muchidimbu, iyi kudzidza kwakadzama inzira yakasarudzika yekudzidza muchina, yakavakirwa paartificial neural network. Chinangwa chekudzidza kwakadzama ndechekunyatsodzokorora maitiro ekudzidza kwevanhu. Tekinoroji yekudzidza yakadzama inobatsira zvikuru, uye inoita basa rakakosha mumidziyo yakasiyana-siyana inodzorwa nezwi - mahwendefa, maTV, mafoni, mafiriji etc. Artificial neural networks inoshandiswawo semhando yekusefa system ine chinangwa chekufanotaura zvinhu. iyo mushandisi aizotenga mune ramangwana. Tekinoroji yekudzidza yakadzama inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mundima yekurapa. Izvo zvakakosha kune vanoongorora cancer, nekuti inobatsira kuona otomatiki maseru egomarara.

Iye zvino tichadzoka pakuzivikanwa kwekutaura. Tekinoroji iyi, sezvatatotaura, ine chinangwa chekuziva mazwi akasiyana-siyana nemitsara yemutauro unotaurwa. Pashure inoashandura kuva chimiro icho muchina unokwanisa kuverenga. Zvirongwa zvekutanga zvinongoratidza nhamba diki yemitsara yakakosha, asi imwe yepamusoro-soro yekuziva kutaura software inokwanisa kududzira marudzi ese ekutaura kwechisikigo. Tekinoroji yekuzivikanwa kwekutaura iri nyore muzviitiko zvakawanda, asi dzimwe nguva inosangana nematambudziko kana kunaka kwekurekodha kusina kunaka zvakakwana kana kana paine ruzha rwekumashure izvo zvinoita kuti zviome kunzwisisa mutauri nemazvo. Inogona zvakare kusangana nemamwe matambudziko kana mutauri aine chirevo chakasimba kana mutauro. Kuzivikanwa kwekutaura kuri kuramba kuchikura, asi hakusati kwanyatsonaka. Hazvisi zvese zvine chekuita nemazwi, michina haisati yakwanisa kuita zvinhu zvakawanda izvo vanhu vanogona kuita, semuenzaniso havakwanise kududzira mutauro wemuviri kana matauriro ezwi remumwe munhu. Nekudaro, sezvo data rakawanda richitsanangurwa neaya epamberi algorithms, mamwe eaya matambudziko anoita seanodzikira mukuomerwa. Ndiani anoziva zvichaunza ramangwana? Zvakaoma kufanotaura kuti kuzivikanwa kwekutaura kuchaguma kupi. Semuyenzaniso, Google iri kutove nekubudirira kwakawanda mukushandisa software yekuziva kutaura mumainjini eGoogle Translate, uye muchina uyu uri kugara uchidzidza nekuvandudza. Zvichida rimwe zuva vachatsiva vashanduri vevanhu zvachose. Kana kuti zvichida kwete, mamiriro ekutaura kwemazuva ose akaoma zvikuru kune chero rudzi rwemuchina usingakwanisi kuverenga kudzika kwemweya wemunhu.

Ndeipi nguva yekushandisa kuziva kutaura?

Mazuva ano anenge munhu wese ane smartphone kana tablet. Kuzivikanwa kwekutaura chinhu chinowanzoitika mumidziyo iyoyo. Anoshandiswa kushandura kutaura kwemunhu kuita chiito. Kana iwe uchida kufonera ambuya vako, zvakakwana kuti iwe kuraira "fonera Mbuya" uye yako smartphone yave kutofona nhamba yacho pasina iwe kuti unyore kuburikidza neako mazita ekufonera. Uku ndiko kuzivikanwa kwekutaura. Mumwe muenzaniso wakanaka wayo, Alexa kana Siri. Ivo zvakare vane iyi ficha yakaoma-waya muhurongwa hwavo. Google inokupa zvakare sarudzo yekutsvaga chero chinhu neizwi, pasina kutaipa chero chinhu.

Pamwe wava kuda kuziva kuti zvese izvi zvinoshanda sei. Zvakanaka, kuti ishande, masensa semakrofoni anofanirwa kuvakwa musoftware kuitira kuti masaisai emazwi anotaurwa azivikanwe, kuongororwa uye kushandurwa kuita dhijitari. Ruzivo rwedhijitari ipapo runofanira kuenzaniswa nerumwe ruzivo rwunochengetwa mune imwe mhando yemazwi uye yekutaura repository. Kana paine mutambo software inogona kuziva murairo uye kuita zvinoenderana.

Chimwezve chinhu chinoda kutaurwa panguva ino ndicho chinonzi WER (izwi kukanganisa mwero). Iyi iformula yaunogovanisa nhamba yekukanganisa nemazwi ese. Saka, kuti uzviise mumashoko akareruka, ane zvakawanda zvokuita nekururama. Chinangwa ndechekuti kuve neWER yakaderera, nekuti izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyorwa kweshoko rinotaurwa kwakanyatso.

Kuzivikanwa kwekutaura kwave kudiwa zvakanyanya sekare. Kana iwe uchidawo kushandura izwi rinotaurwa kubva ngatiti rekodhi rekodhi faira kuita mavara, unogona kutendeukira kuGglot. Isu tiri vanopa sevhisi yekunyora iyo inopa zvinyorwa zvechokwadi nemutengo wakanaka. Saka, usazeza kubata kuburikidza neyedu mushandisi-inoshamwaridzika webhusaiti.