Ingaruka zishobora guterwa n'ubwenge bwa artificiel

Ni izihe ngaruka zishobora guterwa n'ubwenge bw'ubuhanga?

Ubwenge bwa artificiel, cyangwa AI nkuko nayo ikunze kuvugwa, ni ingingo yaganiriweho cyane mumyaka icumi ishize. Iratera imbere byihuse, bigatuma ibikorwa byubucuruzi byinshi byoroha kandi neza. No mubuzima bwa buri munsi bwabantu benshi AI yerekanye imbaraga zikomeye kandi isanzwe ishyirwa mubikorwa muri porogaramu nyinshi zitandukanye, bigatuma ubuzima bworoha kandi butagoranye. AI yatuzaniye ibyiza byinshi kandi siyanse iratanga inzira kubindi byinshi bizaza rero ntawabura kuvuga ko AI izaba ingenzi mugihe kizaza, niba itari isanzwe.

Ariko nkuko umudari wose ufite impande ebyiri, niko AI ifite. Iri koranabuhanga kandi rizana ingaruka nyinshi zishobora kubaho. Abahanga benshi hamwe nabashinzwe gutegura tekinike mugihe cacu baragaragaza impungenge zabo kubibazo AI ishobora guteza mugihe kizaza bityo rero tugomba kwitonda kugirango dukemure ibyo bibazo mugihe bigikosorwa. Ibyo dushaka kuvuga iki?

Hariho ibintu byinshi bigomba kwitabwaho kubijyanye nibi bibazo byihariye. Muri iki kiganiro tuzagerageza gusobanura zimwe mu ngaruka zishobora gutera imbere mu buryo butangaje iterambere rya AI rishobora kuzana ku isi yacu n’ingamba zigomba gufatwa kugira ngo dukurikirane kandi tuyobore iyo nzira igana mu nzira nziza.

1. Akazi

Twizeye neza ko abantu bose bari bafite amahirwe yo kumva cyangwa gusoma kubijyanye nuburyo bushobora kuvurwa imashini nogukoresha bishobora kwerekana ishuri rya kera, aho abantu bakorera. Abantu bamwe bashobora guhura nibibazo bitandukanye byimashini ziba akazi kabo. Ubwo bwoba bushobora kuba bufite ishingiro, gukoresha akazi ni akaga gakomeye kubantu benshi: Abanyamerika bagera kuri 25% bashobora gutakaza akazi kuko mugihe runaka imashini zizashobora kuzisimbuza. Cyane cyane ibyago ni imyanya ihembwa make aho umuntu akora imirimo isubiramo, nkakazi mubuyobozi cyangwa serivisi-ibiryo. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, na bamwe mubarangije kaminuza bafite ibyago, algorithms yiga imashini yizewe irashobora kubasimbuza imyanya imwe n'imwe igoye kuko igenda irushaho kunonosorwa, cyane cyane binyuze mumiyoboro yimitsi ndetse no kwiga byimbitse.

Ariko ntidushobora kuvuga rwose ko robot zizirukana rwose abantu kumasoko yakazi. Abakozi bagomba gusa guhinduka, kwiyigisha no gushaka uburyo bwo gukora bafatanya na AI, bagakoresha uburyo bwiza bushoboka bwo gukoresha neza imikorere ya logique. AI ntabwo iracyatunganye, kurugero ntishobora guhamagara urubanza, bityo ibintu byabantu bizakomeza kuba ibyemezo mugihe ukorana nimashini.

Hariho tekinoroji ya AI ishingiye cyane ikoresha ibisubizo byikora bigomba guhugurwa kandi aya mahugurwa aterwa nabantu binjiza. Urugero rwiza kubwibi ni imashini zunguka zunguka ibitekerezo bivuye mubisobanuro byinshi byakozwe n'abantu. Urundi rugero rwiza ni porogaramu yo kwandukura ibona amakuru yamahugurwa avuye mu nyandiko-mvugo yakozwe n'abantu babigize umwuga. Ubu buryo software igenda yiyongera buhoro buhoro, inonosora algorithm yayo binyuze mubuzima bwukuri. Abimura abantu bungukirwa na software kuko ibafasha gukora transcript vuba. Porogaramu itanga verisiyo ishimishije, yerekana inyandiko-mvugo, hanyuma igahinduka kandi igakosorwa nuwiyandikishije. Ibi bizigama umwanya munini, kandi bivuze ko amaherezo ibicuruzwa byanyuma bizatangwa byihuse kandi bizaba byuzuye.

2. Ikibazo cyo kubogama

Ikintu gikomeye kuri algorithms nuko bahora bafata ibyemezo biboneye, bitabogamye, bitandukanye cyane nabantu bafite ibitekerezo kandi byamarangamutima. Cyangwa barabikora? Ukuri nuko inzira yo gufata ibyemezo bya software iyo ari yo yose ikora biterwa namakuru bahuguwe. Rero, harikibazo cyo kuvangura mugihe mugihe urugero igice runaka cyabaturage kidahagarariwe bihagije mumibare yakoreshejwe. Porogaramu yo kumenyekanisha mu maso isanzwe ikorwaho iperereza kuri bimwe muri ibyo bibazo, ibibazo byo kubogama bimaze kugaragara.

Urugero rumwe rukomeye rwukuntu kubogama ubwenge bwubukorikori bushobora kubogama ni COMPAS (Imicungire yicyaha cyo gukosora ishushanya kubindi bihano). Iki nigikoresho cyo gusuzuma ibyago-bikenewe kugirango hamenyekane ingaruka zisubiramo mubyaha. Iki gikoresho gishingiye kuri algorithm cyarakozweho ubushakashatsi kandi ibisubizo byagaragaje ko amakuru ya COMPAS yabogamye cyane ku moko. Kurugero, ukurikije amakuru, abaregwa nyafurika n’abanyamerika bakunze guca imanza zitari zo kugira ibyago byinshi byo kwisubiramo kurusha ayandi moko. Algorithm nayo yakunze gukora ikosa ritandukanye nabantu b'abazungu.

None, byagenze bite hano? Algorithm ishingiye ku makuru rero niba amakuru abogamye, software irashobora gutanga ibisubizo bibogamye kimwe. Rimwe na rimwe, ifite icyo ikora nuburyo amakuru yakusanyijwe.

Automatic Speech Recognition tekinoroji irashobora kandi kubogama bitewe nuburinganire cyangwa ubwoko bitewe nuko amakuru yimyitozo atagomba guhitamo byanze bikunze mubibazo byemeza ko byuzuye.

3. Ibibazo byumutekano

Hariho ibibazo bimwe byubwenge bwubukorikori buteye akaga kuburyo bishobora gukurura impanuka. Imwe mungero zigaragara zikoranabuhanga rya AI ikoreshwa ni imodoka yonyine. Abahanga benshi bemeza ko aribwo hazaza h'ubwikorezi. Ariko ikintu nyamukuru kibangamira ishyirwa mubikorwa ryihuse ryimodoka zitwara ibinyabiziga mumodoka ni imikorere idahwitse ishobora guhungabanya ubuzima bwabagenzi nabanyamaguru. Impaka ku iterabwoba ibinyabiziga byigenga bishobora guteza mu mihanda biracyari ukuri. Hariho abantu batekereza ko hashobora kubaho impanuka nke mugihe imodoka zo kwikorera zemerewe kumuhanda. Ku rundi ruhande, hari ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko bushobora guteza impanuka nyinshi, kubera ko ibikorwa byabo byinshi bizaba bishingiye ku byifuzo byashyizweho na shoferi. Noneho abashushanya bireba guhitamo umutekano nubuzima bwabantu hamwe nibyifuzo byabatwara (nkumuvuduko ugereranije nizindi ngeso zo gutwara). Intego nyamukuru yimodoka yikorera wenyine uko byagenda kwose igomba kuba kugabanya impanuka zimodoka, binyuze mubikorwa bya algorithm ya AI ikora neza hamwe na sensor igezweho ishobora gutahura ndetse ikanahanura ibintu byose bishobora kuba mumihanda. Nyamara, ubuzima nyabwo burigihe burushijeho kuba ingorabahizi ko gahunda iyo ari yo yose, bityo imipaka yikoranabuhanga iracyari imwe mu mbogamizi zituma ishyirwa mubikorwa ryayo. Ikindi kibazo nikintu cyo kwizerana. Kubantu benshi bafite imyaka nimyaka yuburambe bwo gutwara, gushyira ibyiringiro byose mumaboko ya digitale bishobora kubonwa nkigikorwa cyo kwigereranya nikigereranyo. Ibyo ari byo byose, kugeza igihe ibyo byose bizakemuka, ibisubizo by'ikoranabuhanga byateye imbere bimaze gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu modoka nshya, kandi abashoferi b'abantu barashobora kungukirwa na sensor zitandukanye, zifasha gukemura feri no kugenzura ubwato.

4. Intego mbi

Ikoranabuhanga rigomba gukorera abantu ibyo bakeneye kandi rigakoreshwa kugirango ubuzima bwabo bworoshe, burusheho kunezeza kandi bugomba gukiza igihe cyagaciro cya buri wese. Ariko rimwe na rimwe ikoranabuhanga rya AI naryo ryakoreshejwe mu bikorwa bibi, mu buryo buteza ingaruka zikomeye ku mutekano w’umubiri, imibare na politiki.

• Umutekano wumubiri: Imwe mu ngaruka zishobora guterwa na AI, isa nkaho itangaje kandi ishobora kugukomeretsa amagufwa yawe ni intambara ishobora kuba hagati y’ibihugu byateye imbere mu ikoranabuhanga, ikorwa na sisitemu y’intwaro yigenga yateguwe yo kwica mu buryo bunoze kandi butagira ubugome. Niyo mpamvu ari ngombwa cyane kugenzura iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare binyuze mu masezerano, amabwiriza ndetse n’ibihano, hagamijwe kurinda ikiremwamuntu ibyago bibi by’intambara zishingiye kuri AI.
• Umutekano wa digitale: Hackers isanzwe ibangamiye umutekano wa digitale kandi software ya AI isanzwe ikoreshwa mugutera imbere hacking. Hamwe niterambere rya software, hackers zizarushaho gukora neza mubikorwa byabo bibi kandi indangamuntu yacu kumurongo irashobora kwibasirwa nubujura. Amabanga yamakuru yawe bwite arashobora guhungabana cyane binyuze muri malware yoroheje, akoreshwa na AI kandi bigatera akaga cyane binyuze mukwiga byimbitse. Tekereza umujura wa digitale, wihishe inyuma ya progaramu ukunda, uba umunyamayeri umunsi kumunsi, wigira kuri miriyoni nyayo yubuzima bwukuri bwo gukoresha software no gukora ubujura bwirangamuntu bushingiye kuri ayo makuru.

• Umutekano wa politiki: mu bihe by'imivurungano tubayemo, ubwoba bw'amakuru y'ibinyoma n'amajwi y'uburiganya bifite ishingiro. AI irashobora kwangiza byinshi mukwiyamamaza kwikora, bishobora guteza akaga cyane mugihe cyamatora.

Kugira ngo rero dusoze, dushobora kwibaza niba ibyangiritse byubwenge bishobora kutugirira nabi kandi bishobora kugirira nabi abantu kuruta ibyiza.

Abahanga bavuga ko iterambere ry’imyitwarire n’inzego zishinzwe kugenzura bizagira uruhare runini mu bijyanye no kugabanya ingaruka mbi ubwenge bw’ubukorikori bushobora gutera mu mibereho yacu. Ibyo aribyo byose, tuzi neza ko bizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku isi yacu mugihe kizaza.

Porogaramu imenyekanisha imvugo, ishingiye kuri protocole ya AI igezweho isanzwe ikoreshwa, kandi izana inyungu nyinshi mubucuruzi: ibikorwa byihuta kandi byoroshye. Gglot numukinnyi ukomeye muriki gice kandi dushora imari cyane mugutezimbere ikoranabuhanga ryacu kurushaho.